| Preface |
| iii |
| Introduction |
| xvi |
| |
| |
| UNIT 1 |
| |
| Symbols used |
| 1 |
| Basic Sentences |
| 2 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 1.1 Transcription used |
| 3 |
| 1.2 Vowels |
| 4 |
| 1.3 Consonants |
| 7 |
| 1.3.1 Plain Consonants |
| 7 |
| 1.3.2 Glottalized Consonants |
| 9 |
| Drills |
| 9 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 2 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 12 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 2.1 Masculine Definite Suffix /-u~-w/ |
| 13 |
| 2.2 'and' /-(i)nna/ |
| 14 |
| Drills |
| 15 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 3 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 19 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 3.1 Independent Pronouns |
| 22 |
| 3.2 Suffix Pronouns |
| 23 |
| 3.2.1 Verb Suffix Pronouns |
| 23 |
| 3.3 Loss of Vowels |
| 21 |
| 3.4 /w/ and /y/ glides |
| 24 |
| 3.5 Verb 'be' |
| 25 |
| 3.6 Formation of Plural |
| 25 |
| 3.7 Transitional Vowel /í/ |
| 26 |
| Drills |
| 27 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 4 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 29 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 4.1 Noun Suffix Pronouns |
| 31 |
| 4.2 Amharic equivalents of 'have' and 'have not' |
| 32 |
| 4.3 Feminine Definite Suffix /-wa~-(y) itu~-(y)itwa/ |
| 33 |
| 4.4 Definite Suffix on Modifier |
| 34 |
| 4.5 Suffix /-(i)n/ - Specific Direct Object |
| 35 |
| 4.6 Preposition |
| 35 |
| 4.6.1 Preposition /b(ə)-/ and /bəst(ə)-/ |
| 35 |
| Drills |
| 36 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 5 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 43 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 5.1 Verb: Perfective |
| 46 |
| 5.2 'have' and 'have not' with feminine object |
| 49 |
| 5.3 Verb Suffix Pronouns with Perfective |
| 49 |
| 5.4 Verb Suffix Pronouns used in apposition |
| 51 |
| 5.5 Prepositions
/k(ə)-/, /isk(ə)-/ and /l(ə)-/ |
| 51 |
| 5.5.1 /k(ə)-/ 'from' |
| 52 |
| 5.5.2 /isk(ə)-/ and /isk(ə) -...dires/ 'up to', 'to' |
| 52 |
| 5.5.3 /l(ə)-/ 'for', 'to' |
| 52 |
| 5.6 Postpositions /wisT/ and /lay/ combined with prefixes /b(ə)-/ or /i-/ |
| 52 |
| 5.7 Suffixes /-iyye/ and /-iyyo/ to nouns |
| 53 |
| 5.7.1 Definite Suffixes /-iyyew/ and /iyyewa/ |
| 53 |
| 5.8 Numerals; Ordinals |
| 53 |
| Drills |
| 54 |
| Narrative |
| 55 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 6 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 57 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 6.1 Relational Prefix /y(ə)-/ |
| 59 |
| 6.2 Verb: Infinitive |
| 60 |
| 6.3 Verb: Imperfective |
| 61 |
| 6.4 Verb Classification |
| 63 |
| 6.4.1 Regular Three-Radical Verbs |
| 63 |
| 6.4.2 Regular Two-Radical Verbs |
| 65 |
| 6.5 Verb: Notation |
| 65 |
| 6.6 Postposition /gar~gara/ combined with prefix /k(ə)-/ |
| 65 |
| 6.7 Use of /k(ə)-...bəfit/ and /k(ə)-...bəhwala/ |
| 66 |
| Drills |
| 66 |
| Narrative |
| 69 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 7 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 71 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 7.1 Verb Suffix Pronouns with Imperfective |
| 73 |
| 7.2 Equivalents of 'had' and 'had not' |
| 77 |
| Drills |
| 77 |
| Narrative |
| 80 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 8 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 81 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 8.1 Time |
| 82 |
| 8.2 Suffix /-(i)m/ |
| 84 |
| 8.3 Suffix /-(i)ss/ |
| 84 |
| Drills |
| 84 |
| Narrative |
| 88 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 9 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 89 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 9.1 Imperfective forms connected by /-(i)nna/ |
| 92 |
| 9.2 Negative Perfective |
| 92 |
| 9.3 Short Imperfective |
| 93 |
| 9.4 Negative Imperfective |
| 95 |
| 9.5 Negative Infinitive |
| 99 |
| Drills |
| 100 |
| Narrative |
| 103 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 10 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 105 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 10.1 Relational Affixes to Verbs |
| 107 |
| 10.1.1 Relational Affix /y(ə)-~yəmm(i)-/ in Relative Constructions |
| 107 |
| 10.2 Affix /ind(ə)-/ |
| 110 |
| 10.2.1 /ind(ə)-/ 'like', etc. |
| 110 |
| 10.2.2 /ind(ə)-...yallə/ 'such as', etc. |
| 111 |
| 10.2.3 /ind(ə)-/ 'as soon as' |
| 111 |
| 10.2.4 /ind(ə)-/ with Relative Constructions 'that' |
| 111 |
| Drills |
| 112 |
| Narrative |
| 118 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 11 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 120 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 11.1 Verb: Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /ə/ |
| 121 |
| 11.2 Verb: Gerund |
| 122 |
| 11.3 Verb: Present Perfect |
| 126 |
| 11.4 Verb: Past Perfect |
| 127 |
| 11.5 Verb: Imperfect (Past) |
| 128 |
| Drills |
| 129 |
| Narrative |
| 132 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 12 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 133 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 12.1 Telling Time |
| 136 |
| 12.2 Verb: Jussive |
| 136 |
| 12.3 Verb: Imperative |
| 140 |
| 12.4 Relational Affix /iyy(ə)-/ with nouns |
| 144 |
| 12.5 Relational Affix /iyy(ə)-/ with verbs |
| 144 |
| 12.6 Relational Affix /s(i)-/ |
| 145 |
| 12.7 /abro/ 'both', 'together' |
| 147 |
| Drills |
| 148 |
| Narrative |
| 153 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 13 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 155 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 13.1 Relational Affixes /l(i)-/ and /-(i)ll(i)-~-(i)llə-/ |
| 158 |
| 13.1.1 /l(i)-/ with Short Imperfective |
| 159 |
| 13.1.2 /l(i)-/ with Short Imperfective plus /nəw/ or /nəbber/ |
| 159 |
| 13.1.3 /-(i)ll(i)-~-(i)ll(ə)-/ |
| 159 |
| 13.2 Relational Affixes /isk(i)-/ and /isk(ə)-/ |
| 160 |
| 13.2.1 /isk(ə)-/ with Relative Constructions |
| 161 |
| Drills |
| 161 |
| Narrative |
| 163 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 14 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 165 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 14.1 Demonstrative Pronouns |
| 168 |
| 14.2 Noun: Gender |
| 169 |
| 14.3.1 Relational Affix /b(i)-/ 'if' |
| 172 |
| 14.3.2 Relational Affix /b(i)-/ 'because' |
| 175 |
| 14.4 Suffix /-(i)bb(i)-/ |
| 176 |
| 14.5 Prefix /b(ə)-/ with Relative Clauses |
| 178 |
| 14.5.1 /b(ə)-...gize/ |
| 178 |
| 14.5.2 /b(ə)-...KuTir/ |
| 178 |
| 14.6 /b(ə)-...mikniyat/ |
| 179 |
| 14.7 Relational Affix /sil(ə)-~siləmm(i)-/ |
| 179 |
| Drills |
| 180 |
| Narrative |
| 186 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 15 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 188 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 15.1 Verb: /a-/ verbs |
| 189 |
| 15.2 Verb: Causatives in /a-/ and /as-/ |
| 190 |
| 15.2.1 Causative Verbs in /a-/ |
| 191 |
| 15.2.2 Causative Verbs in /as-/ |
| 191 |
| 15.3 Passive-Reflexive Verbs |
| 191 |
| 15.4 Classification and Notation |
| 195 |
| 15.5 Relational Affix /k(ə)-/ with Perfective |
| 197 |
| 15.5.1 /k(ə)-/ 'if' |
| 197 |
| 15.5.2 /k(ə)-/ 'since' |
| 198 |
| Drills |
| 198 |
| Narrative |
| 205 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 16 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 206 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 16.1 Relational Affix /ind(i)-/ |
| 208 |
| 16.2 Pronoun /ras-/ 'self' |
| 208 |
| 16.3 Regular Four-Radical Verbs |
| 209 |
| 16.4 Three- and Four-Radical Verbs in /-o-/ |
| 210 |
| 16.5 Verb: Noun of Agent |
| 210 |
| 16.6 Verb: Noun of Instrument |
| 212 |
| 16.7 Use of /wəyim/ and /wəyiss/ 'or' |
| 213 |
| Drills |
| 214 |
| Narrative |
| 215 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 17 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 217 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 17.1 Verb: Classification |
| 219 |
| Chart I: Regular Three-Radical Verbs |
| 222 |
| Chart II: Regular Three-Radical /a-/ Verbs |
| 223 |
| Chart III: Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /-a/ |
| 224 |
| Chart IV: Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /-ə/ |
| 225 |
| Chart V: Regular Four-Radical Verbs |
| 226 |
| Drills |
| 227 |
| Narrative |
| 230 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 18 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 232 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 18.1 Verb: Use of /yihonal/ |
| 233 |
| 18.2 Use of /gəna/ |
| 234 |
| Drills |
| 235 |
| Narrative |
| 239 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 19 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 240 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 19.1 Comparative and Superlative |
| 241 |
| Drills |
| 243 |
| Narrative |
| 245 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 20 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 247 |
| Notes: |
| |
| 20.1 Verb Classification, Two-Radical Verbs, types məla2, məlo2, məle2, mələ2 |
| 248 |
| Chart VI/1: məla2 |
| 250 |
| Chart VI/2: məlo2 |
| 251 |
| Chart VI/3: məle2 |
| 251 |
| Chart VI/4: mələ2 |
| 252 |
| 20.2 Verb: Impersonal Constructions |
| 252 |
| 20.3 Verb: Present Perfect of verbs denoting 'state' or 'condition' |
| 253 |
| Drills |
| 255 |
| Narrative |
| 256 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 21 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 256 |
| Drills |
| 260 |
| Narrative |
| 261 |
| |
| |
| UNIT 22 |
| |
| Basic Sentences |
| 263 |
| Drills |
| 265 |
| Narrative |
| 267 |
| |
| |
